A Guide to Ireland's Historic and Cultural Treasures
Poulawack burial cairn was excavated in 1935 and found to contain the remians of 18 people, buried at different times between 3350 BC and 1400 BC. It is about 21 metres in diameter and two and a half metres high, significantly smaller than when it was surveyed by TJ Westropp 100 years ago.
Nenagh castle, the finest example of a cylindrical keep in the country, was built around 1200 AD by Theobald Fitzwalter, who came over with first Anglo-Norman invasion.
Stunning scenery, probably the most spectacular stretch of coastline in the country – but best avoided in the windy weather!
Dating from c.1500, the roof of the church was set on fire by Cromwellian soldiers while mass was being said inside.
WANs are more secure than unencrypted tunneling connections. Therefore, WAN-to-WAN connections are considered secure in some uses of SSH. However, WAN-to-WAN connections often have poor reliability and latency, and their security is not guaranteed for the lifetime of the connection. Many newer deployments run routers that also provide VPN services for the WAN connection. This type of VPN typically adds in a VPN encryption option, allowing the network administrator to assign a password to the VPN session. Some systems may allow administrators to lock out VPN users or force them to re-enter the password whenever their WAN access is enabled, but these options do not address the reliability and security concerns raised by unencrypted tunneling.
Reftel Security Attacks on Diameter
A classic attack against NATs used to be based on a type of network data attack called Reftel. In this type of attack, a malicious ISP would create a fraudulent WAN stream that was different from the legitimate WAN traffic sent by a host computer. The malicious upstream traffic would be discovered and turned into a legitimate network stream by a network server that is configured to route the suspicious data to the legitimate traffic instead. When the malicious upstream traffic was intercepted by a network monitor, it would get mixed up with legitimate network traffic. As a result, the attacker would see a different stream of network traffic than the monitor. However, the attacker would be able to capture the unique stream generated by the victim. As a result, the attacker could modify legitimate traffic by injecting fraudulent packets. By altering traffic from the victim to that of the attacker, the attacker could degrade the victim’s service.
This type of attack was known as REF. Because DNS DNS responses are encrypted, the attacker would not be able to identify whether the victim had already changed their DNS servers. DNS responses can be easily seen, even by a large number of people, because of DNS cache poisoning attacks.
There are two basic types of REF attacks: Source-Only and Target-Only. A Source-Only REF attacks a victim by sending spoofed IP packets to their DNS servers. The victim responds to the spoofed IP packet with a spoofed response, thus corrupting the victim’s DNS caching information. The Target-Only REF attacks a victim by sending spoofed DNS responses that are received by a victim’s DNS servers. The spoofed responses have the same content as the legitimate responses sent by the victim, and are therefore received by the victim’s DNS servers as valid responses. The victim’s DNS response data is then corrupted, thereby causing the victim’s service to degrade.
Because the NATs used for the various Internet Protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) are designed to block spoofed DNS responses from actually reaching the victim’s DNS servers, they are much more resistant to Reftel attacks. Therefore, NATs used for port forwarding and web filtering will usually take this attack into account. According to this information from a colocation company, it’s best to back up your data through dedicated servers.